Continuing my look at boxes, pallets and containers, the basic building blocks of military logistics.
This post, pallets
Pallets
One of the main influencing factors behind the introduction of the pallet was the desire to replace wooden packing boxes with corrugated cardboard boxes. Corrugated cardboard boxes emerged in the 1870’s and saw gradual adoption in the packaging industry which sought to decrease cost. By the mid twenties the concept of stacking multiple boxes with electric lift trucks beginning to gain popularity and by the late thirties the combination of pallet and ‘fork lift’ was in common use. WWII logistics, notably in the Pacific theatre, were revolutionised by the combination of pallets, pallet strapping and forklift trucks. Norman Cahner, a US Navy officer, designed the 4 way entry pallet, a significant improvement in pallet flexibility.
The definitive study of early pallet use in a military context is by Erna Risch, The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supplies and Services Volume 1, click here to read.
As pallets evolved the inevitable next steps were in standardisation; size, construction methods, strengths and various other features.
The first standard size pallets were 48″x48″, chosen because it could accommodate most commodity stores and placed easily into standard 8’6″ railcars with minimum wasted space.
The 4 way entry Euro pallet defined in 1961 was the next significant milestone, using blocks instead of stringers reduces time to align the forks.
The 800m wide Euro pallets are designed to fit between a standard 850mm door opening. Packing boxes for all manner of goods are designed with Euro Pallet compatibility, interchangeable and optimised (more on these later in series)
As can be seen in the table above there is also an ISO pallet type.
ISO technical committee TC51 is responsible for ISO pallet standards . These include such interesting works as ISO 6780: General purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods – Principal dimensions and tolerances, ISO 8611: 1991: General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods – Test methods, ISO 12777-1: 1994: Methods of test for pallet joints – Part 1 – Determination of bending resistance of pallet nails!
ISO 6780 defines 6 pallet sizes, 3 Euro Pallet 3 from the US Grocery Manufacturers Association.
In the military domain, STANAG 2828 is to go to standard for pallets, packaging and containers.
Unit loads are used for the storage and transport of ammunition and the standard 1 tonne wingless pallet is the most common type but ULD’s do not necessarily have to use pallets, as long as there is access for forks, the actual dimensions and design may vary. The Unit Load Specification (ULS) data sheet will contain information such as assembly, security, weights, dimensions and strapping requirements for various types of stores, ammunition and explosives, rations, Petroleum Oils Lubricants (POL), general and other stores.
So called ‘pallet furniture’ will be used to facilitate security, stacking and load stability.
These may include packing, formers, battens, edge protectors and tension steel strapping.
The importance of these additional items if often overlooked, they are vital. The correct use and tensioning of pallet steel or polypropylene strapping is important to ensure the stability and security of the items on the pallet especially given the likely physical environment for military pallets i.e. being carried off road.
‘Shrink wrapping’ now common in the logistics industry may also be used in some instances but not as a replacement for strapping for heavier items.
Even though pallets for ammunition and other unit loads are well defined and governed by a number of defence standards there is still sufficient flexibility within the system to utilise other types such as post, cage and wheeled pallets, tank containers and pallet collars.
All get used to one degree or another, there are also various combinations and bespoke designs.
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For movement of palletised stores with specific Unit Load Specifications, the MoD uses the NATO standard wingless 1000mm x 1200mm wood construction pallet with a carrying capacity of 1.814 tonnes. For commodity items the standard pallet is of the same dimensions and configuration but with a reduced capacity of 1 tonne.
The Royal Navy has opted to continue using winged version of this pallet (I think they just like to be different :) )
Newer injection moulded pallets are also available and Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC’s) can also be used for liquids and free flowing materials. IBC containers are of rigid construction or folding types that use a disposable liner. The collapsible types take up much less space on the return leg so both are used to the same degree.
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All sorts of containers for all sorts of commodities
What unites them all is the simple fact that they cannot be handled by hand, unless by doing something like this…
Pallet handling devices are needed.
Pallet Handling
Following the McLeod Report the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) was disbanded and the Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) formed in 1965.
During the Cold War the highest value stores were Royal Artillery ammunition and the RASC/RCT used a series of interlocking loops to move combat stores forward, the loops operating on corps, division and brigade basis. At the intersection points (Exchange Points) of these loops stores would be laboriously transferred from one vehicle to another. For other stores, unit echelon vehicles would collect from Delivery Points or Immediate Replenishment Groups just behind the fighting units.
By the early seventies the RCT had introduced an increasing number of truck mounted cranes called Crane Attachment Lorry Mount (CALM) and various forklift trucks which reduced the handling times but it was not until the introduction of DROPS that the interlocking ring system was changed (more on DROPS later)
A number of vehicles since then have seen service from manufacturers such as Michigan, Muir Hill, Hydrema and Volvo.
A notable evolution of the all terrain fork lift truck was the venerable Eager Beaver.
Eager Beavers came into service in the late sixties and served until the mid eighties when they were replaced with heavier all terrain forklifts with cabs and a reasonable degree of safety!
The Tractor, Wheeled, Fork Lift 4,000 lb was developed and manufactured by the Royal Ordnance Factory in Nottingham to meet a requirement for a lightweight, air droppable fork lift truck.
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The Eager Beaver was one of the unsung superstars of the Falklands campaign in 1982, read more here
Today, the Royal Logistics Corps and others, through the C Vehicle PFI, have access to a number of pieces of MHE. Medium and Light Wheeled Tractors are used for a variety engineering roles; earth moving, excavating, mechanical handling trenching, dozing, grading and digging and supplementing the wheeled tractors are a couple of telehandler designs, also from JCB.
These are the most numerous C Vehicle equipment and have a broad span of users, replacing the Volvo 4440’s and JCB 410’s (both of which are not telehandlers but converted loaders). The requirement for loading and unloading ISO containers dictated some of the size and mobility specifications.
There are two models, the Telehandler 2,400Kg which is a JCB 524/5-50 and the higher capacity JCB 541-70 called the Telehandler 4,000Kg.
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Each has a number of sub variants with the smaller version coming in standard (qty 150), standard with sideshift (qty 150), winterised (qty 15) and winterised with sideshift (qty 15).
The larger version has two variants, standard with sideshift (qty 85) and winterised (qty 6)
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The video below shows one of the JCB Telehandlers in action, with various pallets, containers and flat racks
The Army Air Corps used the Moffett (now Hiab) Mounty demountable and air portable fork lifts for moving air launched munitions around a Forward Arming and Refuelling Point (FARP), they are now out of service and replaced with the JCB’s.
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Although no longer in service, the Supacat All Terrain Mobility Platform (ATMP) had a clever trailer that was designed specifically for pallets. The trailer would be maneuvered onto an air dropped or otherwise ground dumped pallet and ‘flipped’ into the drive position.
The MoD also has a fleet of over 3,000 items of MHE in 300 or so locations in addition to the ones painted green including;
- Counterbalance trucks and side loaders
- Container handlers
- Pedestrian, ride-on and electric pallet trucks,
- Telescopic reach trucks,
- Very narrow aisle trucks,
- Tow vehicles including tracked
- Agricultural tractors including trailers and ancillaries
- Various trailers, ancillaries and MHE attachments
The MoD recently let an £87m contract to Briggs Equipment for the Defence Mechanical Handling Equipment requirement for pieces of equipment ranging from forklift trucks to container handling equipment, much of it from Hyster
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As pallets became more widespread in the Army in the late sixties the existing truck fleet was rendered obsolete because their load beds were not dimensioned or suitable for pallet carriage, the old AEC 10 tonners and Bedford RL’s would give way to trucks that had carrying capacities in multiple of 4×1 tonne pallets.
These 4, 8 and 14 tonne trucks would be found at first, second and third line respectively. It was also during this period when bulk refuelling was introduced in place of jerrycans with the Unit Bulk Refeuelling Equipment (UBRE) called ‘pods’ mounted on Bedford 4 and 8 tonne trucks (and also Stalwarts) with double pole switchgear, modified exhausts and other safety features.
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The current logistics truck fleet is the MAN Specialist Vehicle.
The £1.3 billion Support Vehicles (SV) contract was to replace DAF 4 tonners and Bedford TM 8 and 14 tonne trucks plus assorted vehicles based on these chassis like the old Bedford TM UBRE POD’s and Foden recovery vehicles. The original contract was for 4,815 cargo trucks, 314 recovery vehicles and 69 recovery trailers but following a decision not to upgrade the existing Leyland DAF 4 tonne vehicles an option for an additional 2,077 vehicles was exercised. As part of this revision, the number of recovery vehicles was reduced to 269.
This was reduced slightly again and the final contracted breakdown was as follows
| Type | Axles | Name | Qty |
| HX60 | 2 | Cargo (Light) Medium Mobility GS | 3394 |
| HX60 | 2 | Cargo (Light) Medium Mobility Cargo | 958 |
| HX60 | 2 | Cargo (Light) Medium Mobility GS CALM | 84 |
| HX60 | 2 | Cargo (Light) Medium Mobility Cargo CALM | 209 |
| HX60 | 2 | Cargo (Light) Medium Mobility GS tail lift | 28 |
| SUB TOTAL | 4673 | ||
| HX58 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Medium Mobility GS | 264 |
| HX58 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Medium Mobility Cargo | 63 |
| HX58 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Medium Mobility GS CALM | 3 |
| HX58 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Medium Mobility Cargo CALM | 46 |
| HX58 | 3 | Unit Support Tanker Medium Mobility | 230 |
| SUB TOTAL | 606 | ||
| HX77 | 4 | Cargo (Heavy) Medium Mobility GS | 464 |
| HX77 | 4 | Cargo (Heavy) Medium Mobility Cargo | 328 |
| HX77 | 4 | Cargo (Heavy) Medium Mobility GS CALM | 12 |
| HX77 | 4 | Cargo (Heavy) Medium Mobility Cargo CALM | 119 |
| SUB TOTAL | 923 | ||
| SX44 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Improved Medium Mobility GS | 41 |
| SX44 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Improved Medium Mobility Cargo | 59 |
| SX44 | 3 | Cargo (Medium) Improved Medium Mobility Cargo CALM | 5 |
| SX44 | 3 | Unit Support Tanker Improved Medium Mobility | 81 |
| SUB TOTAL | 186 | ||
| SX45 | 4 | Recovery Vehicle (Heavy) Improved Medium Mobility | 288 |
| Recovery Trailer AT DBT30 | 69 | ||
| TOTAL Excluding Trailers | 6,676 |
MAN Military Trucks (now Rheinmetall) produce two variants;
SX has a stiffer chassis, full auormatic gearbox, coil spring suspension and 440bhp diesel engine so has much greater mobility, classed as Medium Mobility
HX is the lower mobility variant, classed as Medium Mobility, with conventional leaf spring suspension and tipmatic gearbox. The 2 axle variant has a 326bhp engine and the 3 and 4 axle variants each have the same 440bhp engine as the SX.
[tabs] [tab title =”MAN HX”]- Medium Mobility – HX60, 4×4
- Medium Mobility – HX61, 6×6
- Medium Mobility – HX58, 6×6
- Medium Mobility – HX80, 6×6 tractor
- Medium Mobility – HX81, 8×8 tractor
- Medium Mobility – HX77, 8×8
- Improved Medium Mobility – SX44, 6×6
- Improved Medium Mobility – SX45, 8×8
As can be seen from the table above, the Improved Medium Mobility was ordered in relatively small numbers, most being the specialist Recovery and Unit Support Tanker variants.
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There has been some movement on final deliveries since then and inevitably, the fleet size will fluctuate due to combat or non combat related damage. In the original contract a number of appliqué protection kits were purchased but these were called the Riotous Assembly Protection (RAP) kit so one can imagine the actual level of protection.
Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have of course influenced the programme; in 2008 Project Fortress was let to provide a protected cab, weapons mount, run-flat tires, BOWMAN twin fit, wire cutters, ECM and night driving aids for 324 vehicles.
As a follow on, 324 vehicles (including 211 FORTRESS vehicles) were upgraded to the more advanced Theatre Entry Standard.
The weapons mounts were provided by ISTEC Services.
All the SV load beds were supplied by Marshall
At the forward edge, vehicles like the Wolfhound, Husky or Cougar will be used to carry single pallets.
These are to be replaced my the Multi Role Vehicle – Protected (MRV-P), a programme currently in concept phase.
MRV-P is characterised as Medium Protection, Medium Mobility and Medium Capacity and will have four variants;
Command and Liaison; Crew 2+2 optimised for mobile liaison
Command and Control; Crew 2+2 with space for another 2 in the static role, primarily for static command and control
Troop Carrier; Crew 2 plus 6 personnel
Transport; Crew 2 for the carriage of unit stores
This transport version should be able to carry at least a single pallet, hence its inclusion here.
The MAN-SV’s are due out of service in 2034 and several hundred (approx 600) of the older Leyland DAF 4 Tonne vehicles will be retained in various roles because the MAN SV cannot tow some specialist trailers, FEPS for example, and the 105mm Light Gun (replacing the RB44)
A further 107 HX60’s were ordered for the Falcon communication system.
The next post will look at the next step up, containers/flat racks, and how they are handled.
The rest of the series…
Part 1 – Introduction and General Principles
Part 3 – Containers and Flatracks
Part 4 – Container and Flatrack Handling
Part 6 – Air Transport Pallets and Containers
Part 8 – Issues and Solutions for Pallets, Containers and Boxes
Part 10 – More Thoughts on Trucks and Trailers
The next step?
By Cyberdyne (I kid you not ) a Japanese company that makes powered exoskeleteons for the medical industry called HAL Hybrid Assistive Limb (again stealing names from famous films :-) .They have adapted some to assist workers who have to wear Tungsten impregnated anti radiation suits in their clean up of the Fukishima disaster.
http://neurogadget.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/brain-controlled-cyberdyne-hal-exoskeleton-ful-body-suit-nuclear-fukusima-Japan-e1350585184634.jpg
http://neurogadget.com/2012/10/18/new-hal-exoskeleton-brain-controlled-full-body-suit-to-be-used-in-fukushima-cleanup/5612
I do fear this may end up a 100 part post.
In D of TD I’d rather have 100 informative part series than 1 part series with 100 useless comments like this one
“The Royal Navy has opted to continue using winged version of this pallet (I think they just like to be different)”
Best reason that I can think of is that winged pallets are much easier and quicker to sling with strops under a crane than wingless designs.
Related, The Pallet Industry (US): http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2014/06/11/320642426/episode-454-the-blue-pallet
Command and Liaison; Crew 2+2 optimised for mobile liaison.
Ref the above are we to assume that Panther CLV has proven such a resounding success that its being withdrawn from service
Thanks Anixtu, do you think it is something to do with RAS?
To be honest through, using the overhang to lift would be a bit worrying, possibly not the most secure method
Indeed not the most secure method, especially if a proper fork accessory is available. It just occurred to me as a reason while I was watching some colleagues use the method today.
No connection with replenishment that I can think of.
http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-12/CMH_Pub_10-12-1.pdf
A comprehensive description of US military revolution in stock handling in 1940s including of course the pallet.
Pallet wars still ongoing – well worth a listen http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/latenightlive/pallet-wars/5449442
Winged pallets are as identified specifically designed for quick crane work using spreader bars. They also have the benefit of more easily and securely retaining post packing shrinkwrap or security banding
Ah, thanks Twecky, next in the series is nearly there now
Best gird your loins for a container love fest
Lindermyer – ref CLV – note the desire for 2+2 personnel, where Panther only just has room for 3 total. Originally the vehicle was designed to take 2+3 but then MOD put in all their standard stuff and lo two seats were consumed.
I have reservations over MRV. Mostly that it seems the MOD stipulated a unit price as a requirement and that price would be suitable for a vehicle maybe 3/4 the weight of a competent vehicle that could meet the rest of the requirements (in my opinion). Something’s got to give…
TD – if I remember right MOD officially class the MAN SX range as Improved Medium Mobility (IMMLC)? (Says “SX has a stiffer chassis, full auormatic gearbox, coil spring suspension and 440bhp diesel engine so has much greater mobility, classed as Medium Mobility” in the text.)
Something that might interest Chris, a 3kw diesel fuel cell APU for use on things with wheels amongst other things. Its German designed and built so it will definitely fit on a tank.
http://www.eberspaecher.com/en/top-thema-01.html
Chris you mentioned the MoD took up two seat spaces with their ‘standard stuff’ , excuse my ignorance but what would that be?
monkey – if I remember right (no inside knowledge, I just took a look inside one once) its stuff like lots of comms, quite a lot of (presumably) ECM, lots of ammo, the RWS control, stowage of CES etc etc. You would have thought some of the stuff would have been OK in the cargo space – maybe that was full of other useful stuff. Let’s face it, a BV some water and a month’s supply of teabags and sugar is all that’s desperately needed in the cab…
@Chris
Mines two sugars !